{"id":9263,"date":"2026-10-23T22:42:58","date_gmt":"2026-10-23T15:42:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/daltons-henrys-laws-diving\/"},"modified":"2026-10-24T00:38:05","modified_gmt":"2026-10-23T17:38:05","slug":"daltons-henrys-laws-diving","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/daltons-henrys-laws-diving\/","title":{"rendered":"Dalton\u2019s and Henry\u2019s Laws: Breathing Gases and Decompression"},"content":{"rendered":"<nav class=\"cb-site-nav\" aria-label=\"Main navigation\"><div class=\"cb-nav-wrap\"><a class=\"cb-nav-logo\" href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/\" aria-label=\"Copperband home\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"112\" height=\"100\" src=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Copperband-logo-just-fish-curved-Dive-Centre-ORANGE-letter-1-300x266.png\" alt=\"Copperband Scuba Academy\"><\/a><button class=\"cb-nav-toggle\" type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cb-review-menu\">Menu<\/button><div class=\"cb-nav-items\" id=\"cb-review-menu\"><a href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/\">Home<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/try-scuba-diving\/\">Diving<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/services\/\">PADI courses<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/shop\/\">Equipment Shop<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/pattaya-dive-sites\/\">Dive sites<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/contact-us\/\">Contact &amp; location<\/a><a class=\"cb-education-link\" href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/education-hub\/\">Education Hub<\/a><a class=\"cb-nav-book\" href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/#booking-enquiry\">Book your dive<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/nav>\n\n<div class=\"edu\"><header class=\"edu-hero\"><div class=\"edu-wrap\"><nav aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/\">Home<\/a> \/ <a href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/education-hub\/\">Education Hub<\/a> \/ Physics and physiology<\/nav><p class=\"edu-kicker\">Physics and physiology \u00b7 Lesson 11<\/p><h1>Dalton\u2019s and Henry\u2019s Laws: Breathing Gases and Decompression<\/h1><p class=\"edu-lead\">Dalton\u2019s law describes pressures within a gas mixture. Henry\u2019s law describes dissolved gas at equilibrium. Together they help explain why depth matters even when the breathing-gas percentages stay the same.<\/p><p class=\"edu-byline\">Copperband Scuba Academy \u00b7 Educational guide \u00b7 Published 23 October 2026<\/p><\/div><\/header><article class=\"edu-reading\"><aside class=\"edu-notice\" aria-label=\"Educational disclaimer\"><strong>Educational information only.<\/strong> This information does not replace official training, practical instruction or certification through a recognised scuba diving organisation such as PADI. Always dive within your qualifications, experience and current conditions.<\/aside><div class=\"edu-visual-slot\"><section class=\"edu-visuals\" id=\"learning-sheet\" aria-labelledby=\"learning-sheet-title\"><header class=\"edu-sheet-heading\"><div><p class=\"edu-kicker\">Copperband learning sheet<\/p><h2 id=\"learning-sheet-title\">Three gas laws answer different questions<\/h2><\/div><button type=\"button\" class=\"edu-print-sheet\">Print learning sheet<\/button><\/header><p class=\"edu-visual-intro\">Do not use a correct equation for the wrong problem.<\/p><figure class=\"edu-infographic\"><div class=\"edu-svg-wrap\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 780 365\" role=\"img\" aria-labelledby=\"visual-title-gases visual-desc-gases\"><title id=\"visual-title-gases\">Three gas laws answer different questions<\/title><desc id=\"visual-desc-gases\">Do not use a correct equation for the wrong problem. Boyle: Pressure \u2194 volume. Dalton: Gas fraction \u00d7 absolute pressure. Henry: Dissolved gas at equilibrium<\/desc><defs><marker id=\"arrow-gases\" markerWidth=\"8\" markerHeight=\"8\" refX=\"6\" refY=\"3\" orient=\"auto\"><path d=\"M0,0 L0,6 L6,3Z\" fill=\"#e7b545\"\/><\/marker><\/defs><rect width=\"780\" height=\"365\" rx=\"14\" fill=\"#16272b\"\/><rect x=\"24\" y=\"25\" width=\"232\" height=\"220\" rx=\"14\" fill=\"#23383c\" stroke=\"#537176\"\/><text x=\"140\" y=\"66\" fill=\"#e7b545\" font-size=\"23\" font-family=\"Arial,sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">BOYLE<\/text><circle cx=\"92\" cy=\"122\" r=\"32\" fill=\"#2c7277\" stroke=\"#e7b545\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"190\" cy=\"122\" r=\"23\" fill=\"#2c7277\" stroke=\"#e7b545\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"42\" y=\"209\" fill=\"#d6e0dd\" font-size=\"16\" font-family=\"Arial,sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"start\">Pressure \u2194 volume<\/text><rect x=\"272\" y=\"25\" width=\"232\" height=\"220\" rx=\"14\" fill=\"#23383c\" stroke=\"#537176\"\/><text x=\"388\" y=\"66\" fill=\"#e7b545\" font-size=\"23\" font-family=\"Arial,sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">DALTON<\/text><rect x=\"294\" y=\"100\" width=\"39.48\" height=\"50\" fill=\"#e7b545\"\/><rect x=\"333.48\" y=\"100\" width=\"148.52\" height=\"50\" fill=\"#397b80\"\/><text x=\"388\" y=\"177\" fill=\"#d6e0dd\" font-size=\"16\" font-family=\"Arial,sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">21% + 79% \u2248 air<\/text><text x=\"290\" y=\"209\" fill=\"#d6e0dd\" font-size=\"16\" font-family=\"Arial,sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"start\">Gas fraction \u00d7<\/text><text x=\"290\" y=\"233\" fill=\"#d6e0dd\" font-size=\"16\" font-family=\"Arial,sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"start\">absolute pressure<\/text><rect x=\"520\" y=\"25\" width=\"232\" height=\"220\" rx=\"14\" fill=\"#23383c\" stroke=\"#537176\"\/><text x=\"636\" y=\"66\" fill=\"#e7b545\" font-size=\"23\" font-family=\"Arial,sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">HENRY<\/text><rect x=\"555\" y=\"96\" width=\"165\" height=\"75\" fill=\"#244b56\" stroke=\"#7bd5c2\"\/><circle cx=\"586\" cy=\"118\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#7bd5c2\" stroke=\"#e7b545\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"628\" cy=\"139\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#7bd5c2\" stroke=\"#e7b545\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"666\" cy=\"111\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#7bd5c2\" stroke=\"#e7b545\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><circle cx=\"697\" cy=\"148\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#7bd5c2\" stroke=\"#e7b545\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><text x=\"538\" y=\"209\" fill=\"#d6e0dd\" font-size=\"16\" font-family=\"Arial,sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"start\">Dissolved gas at<\/text><text x=\"538\" y=\"233\" fill=\"#d6e0dd\" font-size=\"16\" font-family=\"Arial,sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"start\">equilibrium<\/text><rect x=\"24\" y=\"270\" width=\"728\" height=\"62\" rx=\"14\" fill=\"#3c3524\" stroke=\"#e7b545\"\/><text x=\"388\" y=\"308\" fill=\"#f7e6b3\" font-size=\"18\" font-family=\"Arial,sans-serif\" text-anchor=\"middle\">EQUILIBRIUM \u2260 INSTANT UPTAKE  \u00b7  REAL TISSUES ALSO INVOLVE TIME<\/text><\/svg><\/div><figcaption>Boyle: Pressure \u2194 volume \u2022 Dalton: Gas fraction \u00d7 absolute pressure \u2022 Henry: Dissolved gas at equilibrium.<\/figcaption><\/figure><div class=\"edu-logic-sheet\"><h3>Logic sheet: connect the idea with the decision<\/h3><p>Use these prompts to check your understanding before discussing practical decisions with your instructor.<\/p><div class=\"edu-logic-grid\"><div class=\"edu-logic-row\"><div class=\"edu-logic-context\"><span class=\"edu-logic-number\">01<\/span><strong>What is the question?<\/strong><\/div><div><span class=\"edu-cell-label\">Consider<\/span>Flexible gas-space volume?<\/div><div><span class=\"edu-cell-label\">Next step<\/span>Consider Boyle\u2019s law and its assumptions.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"edu-logic-row\"><div class=\"edu-logic-context\"><span class=\"edu-logic-number\">02<\/span><strong>What is the question?<\/strong><\/div><div><span class=\"edu-cell-label\">Consider<\/span>One component\u2019s pressure in a mixture?<\/div><div><span class=\"edu-cell-label\">Next step<\/span>Use Dalton\u2019s relationship with absolute pressure and a fraction.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"edu-logic-row\"><div class=\"edu-logic-context\"><span class=\"edu-logic-number\">03<\/span><strong>What is the question?<\/strong><\/div><div><span class=\"edu-cell-label\">Consider<\/span>Equilibrium dissolved gas?<\/div><div><span class=\"edu-cell-label\">Next step<\/span>Henry\u2019s law describes equilibrium; real tissues also involve time.<\/div><\/div><div class=\"edu-logic-row\"><div class=\"edu-logic-context\"><span class=\"edu-logic-number\">04<\/span><strong>What is the decision?<\/strong><\/div><div><span class=\"edu-cell-label\">Consider<\/span>Gas selection, decompression or a gas change?<\/div><div><span class=\"edu-cell-label\">Next step<\/span>A classroom equation does not replace formal training and a complete plan.<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><p class=\"edu-takeaway\"><strong>Remember:<\/strong> Example only: 0.21 \u00d7 3 bar = 0.63 bar oxygen partial pressure. This is not a personal exposure limit.<\/p><p class=\"edu-sheet-disclaimer\"><strong>Educational information only.<\/strong> This sheet does not replace official training, practical instruction or certification through a recognised scuba diving organisation such as PADI. It is not an emergency protocol, personal medical assessment or technical dive plan.<\/p><\/section><\/div><nav class=\"edu-toc\" aria-label=\"Lesson contents\"><strong>In this lesson<\/strong><ul><li><a href=\"#learning-sheet\">Infographic and logic sheet<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#topic-0\">Dalton: the parts add to the whole<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#topic-1\">Why a fraction is not an exposure limit<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#topic-2\">Henry: dissolved gas depends on pressure<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#deeper\">Learn more: an equation is not a decompression model<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#self-check\">Check your understanding<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><section id=\"topic-0\"><h2>Dalton: the parts add to the whole<\/h2><p>For an ideal mixture, total pressure equals the sum of its component partial pressures. A component\u2019s partial pressure is its fraction multiplied by absolute pressure: pGas = fraction \u00d7 Pabsolute. Ordinary dry air contains about 21 percent oxygen, with nitrogen making up most of the remainder.<\/p><p>For a classroom example, 21 percent oxygen at 3 bar absolute gives an oxygen partial pressure of 0.63 bar: 0.21 \u00d7 3. The oxygen fraction is still 21 percent. This arithmetic is not a statement that a particular depth, gas or exposure is suitable for you.<\/p><\/section><section id=\"topic-1\"><h2>Why a fraction is not an exposure limit<\/h2><p>The physiological effect of a gas depends on more than its percentage. Partial pressure, exposure time, workload and the gas involved matter. More oxygen is not automatically better: oxygen exposure has limits, and Nitrox training teaches gas analysis and planning within the appropriate scope.<\/p><p>A calculator cannot verify what is actually in a cylinder. Gas identification, analysis, equipment compatibility and computer settings need the procedures taught in the relevant course. Do not use an illustrative fraction as an instruction to mix gas or change gases underwater.<\/p><\/section><section id=\"topic-2\"><h2>Henry: dissolved gas depends on pressure<\/h2><p>At constant temperature and equilibrium, the concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above that liquid. Increasing pressure can increase the equilibrium amount dissolved; reducing pressure changes that equilibrium.<\/p><p>A real diver\u2019s tissues do not all reach equilibrium instantly. Uptake and elimination occur over time, with different tissues and changing pressure histories. Repetitive dives matter because returning to the surface does not instantly reset the body\u2019s gas loading.<\/p><\/section><section class=\"edu-deeper\" id=\"deeper\"><p class=\"edu-kicker\">Go a little deeper<\/p><h2>an equation is not a decompression model<\/h2><p>Henry\u2019s law describes equilibrium, while decompression planning must account for time and changing conditions. Computers approximate aspects of uptake and elimination with mathematical models. Their outputs are not direct measurements of every tissue and cannot guarantee that decompression illness will not occur. Boyle, Dalton and Henry address different questions: gas-space volume, mixture partial pressure and dissolved-gas equilibrium. Keeping those questions separate avoids using a correct formula for the wrong problem.<\/p><\/section><section id=\"self-check\" class=\"edu-check\"><h2>Check your understanding<\/h2><h3>Does a lower nitrogen percentage remove decompression risk?<\/h3><p>No. Enriched air changes the breathing mixture and planning considerations; it does not remove gas-exposure limits or guarantee freedom from decompression illness.<\/p><\/section><section><h2>Connect theory with training<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/services\/enriched-air-nitrox\/\">PADI Enriched Air Nitrox course<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/services\/open-water-course\/\">Open Water theory and practice<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>For a Pattaya trip, tell the team your qualification, last-dive date and learning goals so the practical programme can be matched to you.<\/p><\/section><nav class=\"edu-next\" aria-label=\"Continue learning\"><h2>Continue learning<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/boyles-law-scuba-diving\/\">Boyle\u2019s Law for Divers: Pressure, Volume and Depth<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/dive-planning-gas-computers\/\">Dive Planning: Breathing Gas, Computers and Buddy Limits<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/technical-diving-theory\/\">Technical Diving Theory: Decompression, Redundancy and Overheads<\/a><\/li><\/ul><a href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/education-hub\/#physics-and-physiology\">Back to Physics and physiology<\/a><\/nav><section class=\"edu-sources\"><h2>Sources and further reading<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.padi.com\/what-is-in-a-scuba-tank\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">PADI: breathing gas and partial pressure<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/dan.org\/health-medicine\/health-resource\/dive-medical-reference-books\/decompression-sickness\/contributing-factors\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">DAN: factors in decompression stress<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>This is an independently written educational guide, not an official PADI course manual or certification assessment. Ask your instructor about unclear concepts before applying them in the water.<\/p><\/section><aside class=\"edu-notice\" aria-label=\"Educational disclaimer\"><strong>Educational information only.<\/strong> This information does not replace official training, practical instruction or certification through a recognised scuba diving organisation such as PADI. 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Henry\u2019s law describes dissolved gas at equilibrium. Together they help explain why depth matters even when the breathing-gas percentages stay the same.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9263","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Dalton\u2019s and Henry\u2019s Laws for Divers | Copperband<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore partial pressure and dissolved gas with worked examples, and understand why these ideas do not replace Nitrox or decompression training.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/daltons-henrys-laws-diving\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dalton\u2019s and Henry\u2019s Laws for Divers | Copperband\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Explore partial pressure and dissolved gas with worked examples, and understand why these ideas do not replace Nitrox or decompression training.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/index.php\/daltons-henrys-laws-diving\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Copperband Scuba Academy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/profile.php?id=61561139056724\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-23T17:38:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/copperbandscuba.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/20250218_125339-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Dalton\u2019s and Henry\u2019s Laws for Divers | Copperband\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Explore partial pressure and dissolved gas with worked examples, and understand why these ideas do not replace Nitrox or decompression training.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/copperbandscuba.com\\\/index.php\\\/daltons-henrys-laws-diving\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/copperbandscuba.com\\\/index.php\\\/daltons-henrys-laws-diving\\\/\",\"name\":\"Dalton\u2019s and Henry\u2019s Laws for Divers | Copperband\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/copperbandscuba.com\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-10-23T15:42:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-10-23T17:38:05+00:00\",\"description\":\"Explore partial pressure and dissolved gas with worked examples, and understand why these ideas do not replace Nitrox or decompression training.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/copperbandscuba.com\\\/index.php\\\/daltons-henrys-laws-diving\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/copperbandscuba.com\\\/index.php\\\/daltons-henrys-laws-diving\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/copperbandscuba.com\\\/index.php\\\/daltons-henrys-laws-diving\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/copperbandscuba.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Dalton\u2019s and Henry\u2019s Laws: Breathing Gases and Decompression\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/copperbandscuba.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/copperbandscuba.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Copperband Scuba Academy - A Pattaya Dive Centre\",\"description\":\"PADI &amp; 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